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Confounders
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Confounders are the Achilles’ heel of multifactorial epidemiology as, in the course of natural life, diseases stem from a vast multiplicity of known (or most often just suspected) factors that may interact in an astronomical number of ways. Differently from monofactorial diseases such as polio or tuberculosis, therefore, it becomes impossible to establish causality with any certainly. Yet, for smoking and other lifestyles, the opinions and guesses of people who cannot disentangle the interaction of confounders with any reliability are presented as hard scientific proof and without doubt. That is when ideologies, beliefs and superstitions pollute science and public health policies.
Full 'Confounders' category Scientific Evidence Listing (8 documents)
The role of Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Helicobacter Pylori in the causality of “tobacco-related” diseases
Relevance of nicotine content of common vegetables to the identification of passive tobacco smokers
Some risks factors for lung cancer independent of cigarette smoking
How Much Cancer Can EPA Regulate Away?
Diet as a potential major confounder of the relationship between ETS exposure and lung cancer risk in non-smokers
Cotinine as a marker of exposure to lifestyle risk factors other than smoking
Differences in lifestyle risk factors between smokers, non-smokers and passive smokers. A review of evidence from three studies and a comparison with some of the published literature
A survey of 246 Suggested Coronary Risk Factors
Showing results 0 to 8 of 8
