Bibliography on studies - The untold evidence

Shiono PH, Klebanoff MA, Berendes HW. Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Teratol 1986;34:65-71. Kaiser-Permanente prospective. 25 DS 0.2 (0.1-0.9); 23 autosomal 1.1 (0.5-2.7). Age-adjusted reanalysis by Cuckle 1990 31 DS 0.34 (0.08-1.45).

Seidman DS, Ever-Hadani P, Gale R. Effect of maternal smoking and age on congenital anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:1046-1050. Rates/1000, all ages [34 calc.] Down's 0p 1.9, <1p 1.8, 1+p 2.0, all nonsignificant. [crude relative risk 0.95, 1.05].

Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Haddow JE, Canick JA, Wald NJ, Kennard A. Cigarette smoking and levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and hCG: Impact on Down syndrome screening. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81(5 pt 1):675-678. 35 Downs, s 0.51 (0.15-1.5).

Kelsey JL, Dwyer T, Holford TR, Bracken MB. Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1978;32:102-107. 52 Down's & sex chromosomes relative risks 1-20c 1.1, 21+c 1.8.

Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S, eds. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group, 1977. Collaborative Perinatal Project prospective. 176 syndromes excluding Downs, [subgroup] 30+c 1.6 MLR; 61 Down NON-smokers 2.0 in MLR. Age-adjusted reanalysis by Cuckle 1990 of Kline 1981 reanalysis, 64 Down's 0.66 (0.40-1.07).

Kline J, Levin B et al. Cigarette smoking and trisomy 21 at amniocentesis. Genet Epidemiol 1993;10(1):35-42. 89 DS. 1-13c 0.5 (0.2-1.4), 14+c 1.2 (0.6-2.7); Cur/nev 0.8 (0.4-1.6).

Cuckle HS, Alberman E, Wald NJ, Royston P, Knight G. Maternal smoking habits and Down's syndrome. Prenat Diag 1990;10:561-567. 1) Antenatal Series: 91 Down's 0.63 (0.33-1.20). 2) Radiation Study: 461 Down's s 1.03 (0.80-1.34); Both age adjusted.

Hook EB, Cross PK. Cigarette smoking and Down syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37:1216-1224. 0.56 (0.33-0.95) case-normal, 0.58 (0.34-0.98) case-defect control. Age-adjusted reanalysis by Cuckle 1990: 100 Down's 0.56 (0.30- 1.03).

Van den Eeden SK, Karagas MR, Daling JR, Vaughan TL. A case-control study of maternal smoking and congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1990;4:147-155. 117 Down's. S during pregnancy 0.8 (0.5-1.3).

Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth M-P. Epidemiology of Down syndrome in 118,265 consecutive births. Am J Med Genet 1990;suppl 7:79-83. 139 Downs. 19.4% v 21.6% s [0.90] nonsig.

Kline J, Levin B, Shrout P, Stein Z, Susser M, Warburton M. Maternal smoking and trisomy among spontaneously aborted conceptions. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:421-431. 160 trisomy, 0.85. Age-adjusted reanalysis by Cuckle 1990 0.70 (0.46-0.96).

McDonald AD, Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects. AJPH 1992;82(1):91-93. 169 chromosome 1-9c 1.02 (0.7-1.5), 10-19c 0.94 (0.7-1.3), 20+c 0.84 (0.6-1.2).

Lazar P, Gueguen S, Boue J, Boue A. Epidemiologie des avortements spontanes precoces: a propos de 1,469 avortements caryotypes. In: Boue A, Thibault C, eds. Les Accidents Chromosomiques de la Reproduction, Inserm Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Securite Sociale, 1973, pp. 317-331. Reanalysis by Cuckle 1990, not age-adjusted. 231 other chromosome 0.87 (0.70-1.08); 287 trisomy 0.87 (0.72-1.05).

Malloy MH, Kleinman JC et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy: No association with congenital malformations in Missouri. AJPH 1989;79(9):1243-1246. 330 chr. 0.99 (0.76-1.28).

NOT SHOWN ON GRAPH:

Alberman E, Creasy M, Elliot M, Spicer C. Maternal factors associated with fetal chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortions. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976;83:621-627. 992 abnormals. "smoking history no longer had a significant effect when [its] relation to maternal age was allowed for," no detail.

Studies in order of increasing size, from left to right (largest = 16 x smallest), 95% C.I.s, 1.0 = zero excess risk.

Courtesy of Carol Thompson 08/23/93
Smokers' Rights Action Group
P.O. Box 259575
Madison, WI 53725-9575
Phone: 608-249-4568