| Study after study fails to find ANY consistent, positive correlation between
smoking and musculoskeletal birth defects. In fact, many studies show a negative
correlation -- that is smoking during pregnancy could result in fewer defects than not
smoking. Basically, the lack of consistency in results makes it clear that smoking
is not the factor that should be under study in the matter -- it is obvious that other
factors are involved.  Andrews J, McGarry JM. A community study of smoking in pregnancy. J
Obstet Gynaecol Br Common: 1972 Dec; 79(12): 1057-1073. Cardiff. Crude rates in %: 117
bone, 65n 0.72n, 52s 0.68 [calculated relative risk 0.94].
Kelsey JL, Dwyer
T, Holford TR, Bracken MB. Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an
epidemiological study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1978; 32:102-107. Retrospective
case-random controls "at several hospitals in Connecticut." 50 poly-syndactyly
1-20c 0.6, 21+c 1.6; 91 other musculoskeletal 1-20c 0.8, 21+c 1.1.
Himmelberger DU,
Brown BW, Cohen, EN. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous
abortion and congenital anomaly. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108 (6): 470-479. Trace
Anesthetic Study, retrospective mail survey. Crude rates/1000: 222 musculoskeletal s23.84,
n19.69 [calculated relative risk 1.21].
McDonald AD,
Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital
defects. AJPH Jan. 1992;82(1):91-93. 223 musculoskeletal 1-9c 1.07 (0.6-1.8), 10-19c
1.29 (0.9-1.9), 20+c 0.73 (0.5-1.2).
Aro T. Maternal
diseases, alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy associated with reduction limb
defects. Early Human Dev. 1983;9:49-57. Finland, registry, retrospective, 453 cases
1.3 (0.9-2.0) adjusted for age >35, alcohol; 329 isolated RLD 1.7 (1.0-2.8).
Christianson RE. The
relationship between maternal smoking and the incidence of congenital anomalies. Am J
Epidemiol 1980; 112 (5):684-695. Kaiser Foundation prospective. Crude rate/1000 453
musc/skel never 33.5, 1-19c 23.5, >/= 20c 29.7 [calculated relative risks 1-19c 0.70,
>/= 20c 0.89].
Hemminki K,
Mutagen P, Saloniemi T: Smoking and the occurrence on congenital malformations and
spontaneous abortions: Multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol Jan 1 1983;
145:61-66. Finnish Register. 521 musc/skel, any s 1.31/1.02 adj; 335 regular s 1.32/0.90
adj; 218 >/= 5c 1.36/0.75 adj.
Van Den Eeden SK,
Karagas MR, Daling JR, Vaughan TL. A case-control study of maternal smoking and
congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1990;4: 147-155. 571 skeletal
(171 club foot, 95 poly-, 74 syn- & 14 adactyly, 35 other limb reduction, 215 hip
dislocation) 1.1 (0.9-1.3).
Evans DR,
Newcombe RG, Campbell H. Maternal smoking habits and congenital malformations: a
population study. BMJ July 21 1979; 2:171-173. Cardiff. Crude rates/1000: 715
musc/skel )o 11.3, 1-9c 9.3, 10-19c 9.9, 20+c 10.4 [calculated relative risk 1-9c 0.82,
10-19c 0.88, 20+c 0.92].
Shiono PH,
Klebanoff MA, Berendes HW. Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during
pregnancy. Teratol 1986;34:65-71. Kaiser-Permanente prospective. 17 limb reductions
2.2 (0.9-5.8); 34 syndactyly 0.7 (0.3-1.5); 44 skull 1.1 (0.6-2.0); 71 hip dysplasia 0.6
(0.3-1.1); 73 polydactyly 1.0 (0.6-1.6); 80 other musculoskeletal 1.4 (0.9-2.2); 407 other
limb 0.9 (0.7-1.1). 726 total.
Malloy MH,
Kleinman JC, Bakewell JM, Schramm WF, Land GH. Maternal smoking during pregnancy: No
association with congenital malformations in Missouri. AJPH 1989 Sep;79(9):1243-1246.
3705 musculoskeletal 0.99 (0.92-1.06).
Not shown on graph:
Heinonen
OP, Slone D, Shapiro S, eds. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA:
Publishing Sciences Group, 1977. Collaborative Perinatal Project prospective. 404
musculoskeletal (including polydactyly) smoking nonsignificance in MLR, no detail.
Courtesy of Carol Thompson
08/23/93
Smokers' Rights Action Group Smokers' Rights Action Group P.O. Box 259575 Madison, WI
53725-9575 Phone: 608-249-4568 |
