Bear in mind that 1.0 equals NO EXCESS RISK. Risks of less
than 2.0 or results that include "zero" within their range of results (for
example, 0.8 - 1.18) are considered extremely weak results and viewed with skepticism by
responsible scientists.
Summary of findings of studies of urogenital birth defects,
including hypospadias:  Seidman DS, Ever-Hadani P, Gale R. Effect of maternal smoking and age
on congenital anomalies. Obstet. Gynecol Dec. 1990; 76: 1046-1050. RATES/K, 10
genitourinary 0c 0.4, <1p 1.3, >/=1 p 1.8; 62 hypospadias 0c 3.5, <1p 3.2, >/=
1 p 4.4 [calculated crude relative risk gu 3.25 4.5; hyposp. 0.9 1.26].
Andrews, J,
McGarry JM. A community study of smoking in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw
1972 Dec; 79(12): 1057-1073. Cardiff. In %: 64 genitourinary, 39n 0.43, 25s 0.33
[calculated crude relative risk 0.77]
Himmelberger DU,
Brown BW, Cohen EN. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous
abortion and congenital anomaly. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108(6): 470-479. Trace
Anesthetic Study, retrospective mail survey of health professionals. Rates/1000 186 urogen
s21.32 n 15.81. [calculated crude relative risk 0.74]
Heinonen OP,
Slone D, Shapiro S, eds. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA:
Publishing Sciences Group, 1977. Collaborative Perinatal Project prospective.
genitourinary 366, no total RR. Hypospadias 187 /= 30c 2.0 (14 cases), >/= 30c 1.7
[subgroup].
Van Den Eeden SK,
Karagas MR, Daling JR, Vaughan TL. A case-control study of maternal smoking and
congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1990; 4:147-155. 206
hypospadias 0.8 (0.5-1.1).
McDonald, AD,
Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital
defects. AJPH Jan 1992; 82(1):91-93. 209 renal/urinary 1-9c 1.55 (1.0-2.5), 10- 19c
1.42 (0.9-2.1), 20+c 1.17 (0.8-1.8).
Christianson, RE.
The relationship between maternal smoking and the incidence of congenital anomalies.
Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112 (5): 684-695. Kaiser Foundation. Rates/1000: 218 genitourinary
never 15.1, 1-19c 15.6, >/=20c 14.1. [calculated crude relative risk 1.03, 0.93]
Evans, DR,
Newcombe RG, Campbell H. Maternal smoking habits and congenital malformations: a
population study. BMJ Jul 21 1979; 2:171-173. Cardiff. Rates/1000 308 genitourinary 0c
4.6, 1-9c 4.5, 10-19c 4.4, 20+c 4.9. [calculated crude relative risk 0.98, 1.06].
Shiono, PH,
Klebanoff MA, Berendes HW. Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during
pregnancy. Teratol 1986: 34:65-71. Kaiser-Permanente prospective. 202 crytorchism 1.2
(0.9-1.7); 101 hypospadias 1.0 (0.7-1.6); 536 hydrocele 0.7 (0.6-0.9); 32 other m sex 0.8
(0.4-1.8); 68 other f sex 1.1 (0.7-1.8); 13 renal agenesis 1.1 (0.3-3.6); 18 other renal
0.3 (0.1-1.4); 13 other urogential 1.1 (0.3-3.6). [0.87 overall].
Malloy
MH, Kleinman JC, Bakewell JM, Schramm WF, Land GH. Maternal smoking during pregnancy:
No association with congenital malformations in Missouri. AJPH 1989 Sep;79(9):
1243-1246. 1622 Genitourinary 0.97 (0.86-1.08).
Courtesy of Carol Thompson
08/23/93
Smokers' Rights Action Group
P.O. Box 259575
Madison, WI 53725-9575
Phone: 608-249-4568 |
