FORCES - Evidence by topic - Back to: Proving the lies of the anti-tobacco cartel: The Evidence
Bibliography on studies - The untold evidence
SMOKING DOES NOT CAUSE CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
In the graphic at the bottom of this page is indicated the amount of excess risk established by each of the studies listed below. Please remember that anything smaller than 2.5 to 3.0 excess risk factor is considered insignificant by the scientific world, thus unworthy of consideration. Even in the highest risk case (Seidman, first on the left) the risk factor is smaller than 2.0. These studies cover a vaste amount of cases, thus the base for their conclusions is a broad one.
The studies covering less than 1,000 cases are not shown in the graph.
Where does the competence of health 'authorities' ends and lies begin? ...WHAT "mountain of evidence"?
 Seidman DS, Ever-hadani P. Gale R. Effect of maternal smoking and age on congenital anomalies. Obstet Gynecol Deco 1990:76:1046-1050. 62 [calculated from rates/1000]
cardiovascular Oc 3.5, (1p 3.9, >/= p 3.5. [calculated crude risk ratio <1p 1.1, >/=1p 1.0].
Andrews J, McGarry JM. A community study of smoking in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br
Common 1972 Dec; 79(12):1057-1073. Cardiff. 66 cardiovascular system abnormalities. Crude
rates: nonsmokers 0.37%, smokers 0.42%. [calculated risk ratio 1.14].
Yerushalmy J. (letter re Fredrick). Nature 1973 Mar 23;242:262. Prospective. All races 38/115
(33%)s CHD v 5158/14,616 (35.3%)s no CHD; White 31/78 (39.7%)s v 3735/9812 (38.1%)s.
Christianson RE. The relationship between maternal smoking and the incidence of congenital
anomalies. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112(5):684-695. Kaiser Child Health & Development Study. 12
malformation of circulatory system. Crude rates/1000 never 8.4, ex 10.7, 1-19c 6.6, >/=20c 10.8.
[calculated risk ratio 1-19c 0.79, >/=20c 1.29].
Himmelberger DU, Brown BW, Cohen EN. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of
spontaneous abortion and congenital anomaly. Am J Epidemiol 1978;108(6):470-479. Trace
Anesthetic Study, retrospective mail survey of health professionals. 163 cardiovescular
malformations, crude rates/1000: smokers 19.07, nonsmokers 13.65 [calc. rel. risk 1.4].
Shiono PH, Klebanoff MA, Berendes HW. Congential Malformations and Maternal Smoking During
Pregnancy. Teratol 1986:34:65-71. Kaiser - Permanente Prospective. 62 ventricular septal 0.5
(0.2-096): 22 heart valves 0.3 (0.1-1.1): 92 ductus arteriosus 1.1 (0.7-1.6): 16 unspecified 0.8
(0.3-2.6): 8 transposition 0.4 (0.04-2.9): 9 atrial septal defect 0.7 ( 0.2-3.5): 5 fibroelastosis 1.7
(0.3-10.1): 6 coarctation of aorta 0.5 (0.1-4.3). [calculated over-all odds ratio 0.78].
Evans DR, Newcombe RG, Campbell H. Maternal smoking habits and congenital malformations:
a population study. BMJ Jul 21 1979; 2: 171-173. Cardiff. 223 cardiovascular malformations,
crude rates/1,000: non 3.6, 1-9c 2.9, 10-19c 3.0, 20+c 2.8. [calculated risk ratios 1-9c 0.81, 10-
19c 0.83, 20+c 0.78].
Fredrick J, Alberman ED, Goldstein H. Possible teratogenic effect of cigarette smoking. Nature
1971 Jun 25;231:529-530. British Perinatal Mortality Survey, retrospective, 34/86 (39.5%)s 1 wk
pop, 81/204 (39.7%)s v 4626/15, 719 (29.4%)s CHD 3 mo pop sample. 290 incident, smokers
7.3%, nonsmokers 4.7% [crude risk ratio 1.55]
McDonald AD, Armostrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consimption and
congenital defects. AGPH Jan 1992;82(1), 91-93. 3/18 cardiovascular 1-9c 1.03 (0.6-1.6), 10-19c
1.17 (0.8-1.7), 20+c 1.17 (0.9-1.6).
Kelsey JL, Dwyer T, Holford TR, Brecken MB. Maternal smoking and congenital malformations:
an epidemiological study J Epidemiol Commun Health 1978; 32:102-107. Retrospective case-
random control at "several hospitals in Connecticut" Relative risks: 52 abnormal heart valves 1-
1.3, 0.4; 106 other 0.9, 1.0; 213 septal defects 1.0, 1.4. No combined results.
Van Den eden SK, Karagas MR, Daling JR, Vaughan TL. A case-control study of maternal
smoking and congenital malformations. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1990;4:147-155. 88 patient
doctus arteriosus 1.0 (0.6-1.6); 582 other 0.9 (0.7-1.1); 655 total cardiac 0.9 (0.8-1.2).
Milloy MH, Kleinman JC, Bakewell JM, Schramm WF, Land GH. Maternal smoking during
pregnancy, No association with congenital Malformations in Missouri. AJPH 1989 Sep; 79 (9):
1243-1246. 123 atrial septal 1.04 (0.70-1.55); 151, valvular 0.74 (0.50-1.09); 447 ventricular septal
0.87 (0.70-1.09); 756 other cardiovascular 1.01 (0.86-1.19); 1341 heart 0.92 (0.82-1.05).
NOT SHOWN ON GRAPH:
HEINONEN OP, SLONE D, SHAPIRO S, EDS. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton,
MA: Publishing Science Group, 1977, Collaborative Perinatal Project prospective. 404 congenital
heart defects, smoking non significant in Multiple Logistic Regression, no details.
Courtesy of Carol Thompson 08/23/93
Smokers' Rights Action Group
P.O. Box 259575
Madison, WI 53725-9575
Phone: 608-249-4568
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