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... And they call this science!
COMPLETE LIST (2006) OF STUDIES ON LUNG CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE IN AGED NON-SMOKERS WHO HAVE BEEN ASKED TO GUESS THEIR EXPOSURE TO
PASSIVE SMOKE THROUGHOUT THEIR ENTIRE LIVES
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Go
to studies on passive smoke and cardiovascular disease
|| Skip all and go to studies on lung cancer |
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May 1, 2006 - This list's title may
sound sarcastic, but it is
scientifically accurate. The exposure of the subjects through
passive smoke through the years cannot be measured.
Inevitably, under the authority of the institutions who conduct them as
well as those who provide the funding, these studies rely upon
vague and
non-verifiable memories, the ONLY basis upon which the imprimatur of
"scientific evidence" on the harm of passive smoke rests.
Throughout the world laws "protecting" nonsmokers from passive smoke are
justified based on the conclusions of these studies. Rather than
separating smokers from nonsmokers and keep equal access rights for both,
prohibition is used to promote intolerance and social engineering in order
to further the financial agenda of certain multi-national pharmaceutical
corporations, resulting in negative consequences for national economies,
liberty and social coexistence. Upon this statistical trash very many
other "dangers" are based, each requiring expensive regulation.
This list undoes the myth circulated by anti-tobacco operatives that
passive smoke studies not reaching the conclusion that secondhand
smoke is harmful are produced by researchers who are paid off by the tobacco
industry. The studies on this list include financing sources as well
as information on the authors. The list is not selective but
complete. Risk spans and average risks are
included as well. Each study can be downloaded in its entirety in PDF
format.
Please note that none of these studies indicates that
passive smoke is a significant risk factor, falling far below the
200% [RR=3], which is considered the threshold of significance for the
existence of a risk by serious epidemiology. Note also that only one
of these studies on passive smoke and lung cancer was financed by the
tobacco industry.
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PASSIVE SMOKE AND LUNG
CANCER |
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PLEASE NOTE that this list consists of 75 studies. However, in
another
list published on our site about 150
passive smoke and lung cancer studies are listed. This
is not a discrepancy. Since a study can examine risks for different categories,
it can report, for example, a risk for exposure at home and on the work
place as well. Another risk category could be
exposure to passive smoke as children. Therefore the same study can have a multitude of results, explaining why in
the
comprehensive
list there are so many more indications. Finally, a good part of the studies
differentiates the risk for males and females, further inflating the number
of permutations. |
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To facilitate reading and indexing the
studies, we offer the option of downloading this page in the printer-friendly PDF format. All hot links are preserved in the PDF format. |
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| How to read
the list below
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X
Number of the study |
Study Title |
The title of the study
|
| Authors |
The authors and the year of the
study |
| Published
by |
The name of the scientific journal |
| Average
Risk |
Here
is recorded the average risk of the study expressed in RR
[Relative Risk] and its extremes of variation
[example: RR= 1.52 (1.0-2.5)], followed by hot link to the
authority that has established the average risk [example:
from USEPA 1992, Table 5-5].
Memory rule: RR=2 means 100% risk elevation, RR=3 means 200%
and so on. Thus, RR=1.52 means 52% risk elevation.
The minimum
risk elevation which, according to epidemiology, is necessary to
seriously consider that the risk elevation is due the examined
factor is over 200% or RR=3. |
| Financed
by |
Here is the detail of what appears
in the study concerning the source of financing. Example :
 |
| Downloadable |
Click here to download. When
this link is hot it is possible to download the entire
original study in PDF format. |
| Comments |
In this area comments and notes
concerning the study are reported when necessary. |
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STUDIES ON PASSIVE SMOKE AND LUNG CANCER |
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1 |
Study Title |
Studies of late adult lung cancer risk in nonsmokers, based on
individual guesses of past lifetime personal exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
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|
Authors |
Akiba, S.; Kato, H.; Blot, W.J. |
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Published by |
Cancer Res., 1986;46:4804-4807 |
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Average Risk |
RR= 1.52 (1.0-2.5)
from USEPA 1992 , Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
In case of difficulty in reading, click
on the image to see it larger in a new window |
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Downloadable |
Click
here to download |
|
Comments |
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2 |
Study Title |
Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe |
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Authors |
Boffetta P, Aguado A, Ahrens W, Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Darby
SC, et al. |
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Published by |
J Natl Cancer Inst., 1998;90(19):1440-50. |
|
Average Risk |
Meta analysis RR= 1.11 (0.88-1.39) from
CALEPA 2004. Table 7.2B |
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Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to
download |
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Comments |
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3 |
Study Title |
 Secondhand
smoke exposure in adulthood and risk of lung cancer among never
smokers: a pooled analysis of two large studies |
|
Authors |
Brennan P, Buffler
PA, Reynolds P, et al |
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Published by |
Int J Cancer,
2004;109: 125–131 |
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Average Risk |
OR = 1.18 (95%CI
1.01-1.37) |
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Financed by |
The U.S. study was supported by grant CA40095 from the National
Cancer Institute (Bethesda, MD) with additional support from the
Louisiana Cancer and Lung Trust Board and the Stanley S. Scott
Cancer Center (New Orleans, LA). The European study was
partially supported by the following grants: European Commission
DG-XII (EV5V-CT94-0555) for the coordination; in
France, Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, European
Commission (90CVV01018) and Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie
des Travailleurs Sociaux; in Germany 1, the Federal
Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology (grant
01 HK 546) and the Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (IIIb
7-27/13); in Germany 2, the Federal Office of Radiation
Protection, Salzgitter (St Sch 1066, 4047, 4074/1); in Germany
3, the Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Salzgitter (St
Sch 4006, 4112); in Italy 1, MURST, the Italian Association for
Cancer
Research (AIRC), Regione Piemonte-Ricerca Finalizzata and
Special
Project “Oncology” Compagnia San Paolo/FIRMS; in Italy 2, the
National Research Council (91.00327.CT04) and the Italian
Association for Cancer Research; in Portugal 2, Comissa˜o de
Fomento de Investigac¸a˜o em Cuidados de Sau´de; in Spain, the
Spanish Ministry of Health (reference 89002300); in Sweden, the
Swedish Match (8913/9004/9109/9217) and the Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency (5330071-1); and in the United
Kingdom, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, the Department of
Health, the Department of the Environment and the European
Commission. |
|
Downloadable |
Click
here to download |
|
Comments |
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4 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and lung cancer in nonsmoking women |
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Authors |
Brownson RC, Alavanja MC, Hock ET, Loy TS. |
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Published by |
Am J Publ Health, 1992;82:1525‑1530 |
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Average Risk |
RR= 1.00 (0.8-1.2) from
CALEPA, 1997. Table 7.5 |
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Financed by |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
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Comments |
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5 |
Study Title |
Risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the lung |
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Authors |
Brownson, R.C.; Reif, J.S.; Keefe, T.J.; Ferguson, S.W.; Pritzl, J.A. |
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Published by |
Am. J. Epidemiol., 1987;125:25-34 |
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Average Risk |
RR=1.52 (0.49-4.97) from
USEPA, 1992, Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
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Comments |
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6 |
Study Title |
The causes of lung cancer in Texas |
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Authors |
Buffler, P.A.; Pickle, L.W.; Mason, T.J.; Contant, C. |
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Published by |
Mizell, M.;Correa, P., eds. Lung cancer: causes and prevention. New York: Verlag Chemie International, 1984;pp. 83-99 |
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Average Risk |
RR=0.81 (0.39-1.66) from
USEPA, 1992, Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
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Comments |
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7 |
Study Title |
The relationship of passive smoking to various health outcomes among Seventh-Day Adventists in
California [dissertation] |
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Authors |
Butler, T.L. |
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Published by |
University of California at Los Angeles, California,
1998 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.02 (0.48-8.56) from
USEPA, 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
University of California at Los Angeles, California |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
This study is a dissertation and it has not been peer reviewed. |
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8 |
Study Title |
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer Mortality in the
American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II |
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Authors |
Cardenas V, et al. |
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Published by |
Cancer Causes Control, 1997;8:57‑64 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.2 (0.8-1.8) from
CALEPA, 1997, Table 7.5B |
|
Financed by |
In case of difficulty in reading, click
on the image to see it larger in a new window |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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9 |
Study Title |
Lung cancer in nonsmokers in Hong Kong |
|
Authors |
Chan, W.C.; Fung, S.C. |
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Published by |
1. In: Grundmann, E., ed. Cancer Campaign,v. 6, Cancer Epidemiology. Stuttgart, West Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 199-202,
1982 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.75 (0.48-1.19) from
USEPA, 1992,
Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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10 |
Study Title |
Risk factors associated with lung
cancer in Hong Kong |
|
Authors |
Chan-Yeung M, Koo
LC, Ho JC-M, Tsang KW-T, Chau W-S, Chiu S-W, Ip MS-M, Lam WK. |
|
Published by |
Lung Cancer,
2003;40:131-140 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.01
(0.47-2.18) from text Table 2 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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11 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and lung cancer |
|
Authors |
Correa, P.; Fontham, E.; Pickle, L.; Lin, Y.; Haenszel, W. |
|
Published by |
Lancet, 1983;2:595-597 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.07 (0.94-4.52) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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12 |
Study Title |
The relation of passive smoking to lung cancer |
|
Authors |
Dalager NA, Pickle LW, Mason TJ, Correa P, Fontham E, Stemhagen
A, Buffler, P.A.; Ziegler, R.G.; Fraumeni, J.F. |
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Published by |
Cancer Res., 1986;46:4808-4811 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.81 (0.39-1.66)
from
USEPA, 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
This study is associated with the Epidemiology Department of the US
National Cancer Institute |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Authors reported in USEPA 92 as: Buffler, P.A.; Ziegler, R.G.;
Fraumeni, J.F. |
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13 |
Study Title |
Environmental
tobacco smoke exposure in women with lung cancer |
|
Authors |
de
Andrade M, Ebbert
JO, Wampfler JA, et
al. |
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Published by |
Lung Cancer, 2004;43:127-134 |
|
Average Risk |
This is an histology mapping study. It reports no risk estimates |
|
Financed by |
"We wish to thank additional contributors Drs. Claude Deschamps,
Eric Edell, James Jett, Marie Christine Aubry, Mark Allen, and
Julian Molina for their valuable input at various stages of this
research project. We also thank Ms. Susan Ernst for her
technical assistance with the manuscript. This work was
supported in part by the National Institutes of Health Grants CA
77118 (Yang), CA 80127 (Yang), R01 CA 84354 (Yang), and R25
CA92049 (Ebbert)." |
|
Downloadable |
Click
here to download |
|
Comments |
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14 |
Study Title |
An epidemiological study of risk factors for lung cancer in
Guangzhou, China |
|
Authors |
Du
Y, Cha Q, Chen X, Chen Y, Huang L, Feng Z, et al. |
|
Published by |
Lung Cancer, 1996;14 (Suppl. 1):S9-S37 |
|
Average Risk |
See study
13 below. |
|
Financed by |
In case of difficulty in reading, click
on the image to see it larger in a new window |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
This study is
combined with number 13
below. |
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15 |
Study Title |
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and female lung cancer |
|
Authors |
Du
Y, Cha Q, Chen Y, Lei Y, Xue S |
|
Published by |
Indoor Air. 1995;5(4):231-6 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.19 (0.66-2.16) From
CALEPA 2004, Table 7.2B |
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Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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16 |
Study Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and
tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians,
1960-98 |
|
Authors |
Enstrom JE, Kabat GC |
|
Published by |
Br Med JA, 2003;326(7398):1057 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.75 (0.42-1.35) from the
abstract of the study. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to
download |
|
Comments |
The whole study, costing several
million dollars, was financed by state funding and funds from
the American Cancer Society, except for the last $75,000
needed for the compilation of the data. The money was denied
when it became clear that the study would not have produced the
"right" results and demonstrated that passive smoke was a
danger. For that reasons, the two Authors were forced to turn to
the
Center
for Indoor Air Research, financed by the tobacco industry, to
complete the study. Using that as an excuse, all scientific
journals refused to publish this important study except the British Medical
Journal, which was crucified by the antismoking establishment,
which has an obvious and huge interest in falsely representing
passive smoke as a public danger. This study demonstrates
conclusively that exposure to passive smoke cannot be measured. |
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17 |
Study Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women.
A multicenter study. |
|
Authors |
Fontham ET, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-Williams A, Buffler PA,
Greenberg RS, et al. |
|
Published by |
JAMA, 1994;271(22):1752-9 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.18 (0.96-1.46) from
CALEPA 1997, Table 7.5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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18 |
Study Title |
Lung cancer in nonsmoking women: a multicenter case-control study |
|
Authors |
Fontham, E.T.H.; Correa, P.; Wu-Williams, A.; Reynolds, P.; Greenberg, R.S.; Buffler, P.A.; Chen, V.W.; Boyd, P.;
Alterman, T.; Austin, D.F.; Liff, J.; Greenberg, S.D. |
|
Published by |
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 1991 Nov; 1(1):35-334 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.29 (1.03-1.62) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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19 |
Study Title |
Lung cancer among Chinese women |
|
Authors |
Gao, Y.; Blot, W.J.; Zheng, W.; Ershow, A.G.; Hsu, C.W.; Levin, L.I.; Zhang, R.; Fraumeni, J.F. |
|
Published by |
Int. J. Cancer, 1987;40:604-609 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.19 (0.87-1.63) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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20 |
Study Title |
Time trends in lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers and a note on passive smoking |
|
Authors |
Garfinkel, L. |
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Published by |
J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1981;6:1061-1066 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.17 (0.85-1.61) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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21 |
Study Title |
Involuntary smoking and lung cancer: a case-control study |
|
Authors |
Garfinkel, L.; Auerbach, O.; Joubert, L |
|
Published by |
J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1985; 75:463-469 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.31 (0.93-1.85) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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22 |
Study Title |
On the relationship between smoking and female lung cancer |
|
Authors |
Geng, G.; Liang, Z.H.; Zhang, G.L. |
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Published by |
In: Smoking and health. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988;pp. 483-486 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.16 (1.21-3.84) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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23 |
Study Title |
Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort
study in Japan |
|
Authors |
Hirayama, T. |
|
Published by |
Prev. Med., 1984;13:680-690 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.53 (1.10-2.13) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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24 |
Study Title |
Lung
cancer in Japan: effects of nutrition and passive smoking |
|
Authors |
Hirayama T. |
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Published by |
Mizell M, Correa P, Eds. Verlag Chemie International, 1984;175-195 |
|
Average Risk |
Risk expressed as mortality ratio for the most exposed
nonsmoking wives of smoking husbands:
Mortality ratio = 1.74 (95% CI 1.19-2.55) from Table 2 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click
here to download |
|
Comments |
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25 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and cardiorespiratory health in a
general population in the west of Scotland |
|
Authors |
Hole, D.J; Gillis, C.R.; Chopra, C.; Hawthorne, V.M. |
|
Published by |
Br. Med. J., 1989;299:423-427 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.99 (0.24-16.7) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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26 |
Study Title |
Marriage to a smoker and lung cancer risk |
|
Authors |
Humble, C.G.; Samet, J.M.; Pathak, D.R. |
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Published by |
Am. J. Public Health, 1987;77:598-602 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.34 (0.96-5.69) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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27 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and lung cancer in women |
|
Authors |
Inoue, R.; Hirayama, T. |
|
Published by |
In: Smoking and health. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988;pp. 283-285 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.55 (0.90-7.20) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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28 |
Study Title |
Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household |
|
Authors |
Janerich, D.T.; Thompson, W.D.; Varela, L.R.; et al. |
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Published by |
N. Engl. J. Med., 1990;323:632-636 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.86 (0.57-1.29) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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29 |
Study Title |
Effects of husbands' smoking on the incidence of lung cancer in
Korean women |
|
Authors |
Jee SH, Ohrr H, Kim IS |
|
Published by |
Intl J Epidemiol., 1999;28(5):824-8 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.9 (1.0-3.5) from
CALEPA 2004, Table 7.2B |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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30 |
Study Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer |
|
Authors |
Jöckel K H, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Krauss M |
|
Published by |
Epidemiology, 1998;9:672-675 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.12 (0.54-2.32) from
CALEPA 2004, Table 7.2B |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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31 |
Study Title |
Lifetime residential and workplace exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke and lung cancer in never-smoking women, Canada
1994-97 |
|
Authors |
Johnson KC, Hu J, Mao Y |
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Published by |
Intl J Cancer, 2001;93(6):902-6 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.20 (0.5-3.0) from
CALEPA 2004, Table 7.2B |
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Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
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32 |
Study Title |
Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers |
|
Authors |
Kabat G, Wynder E |
|
Published by |
Cancer, 1984;53:1214‑1221 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.79 (0.30-2.04) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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33 |
Study Title |
Relation between exposure to ETS and lung cancer in lifetime
nonsmokers |
|
Authors |
Kabat G, Stellman SD, Wynder EL. |
|
Published by |
Am J Epidemiol., 1995;142:141-148 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.08 (0.60-1.94) from
CALEPA, 1977, Table 7.5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
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Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
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34 |
Study
Title |
Passive smoking and diet in the etiology of lung cancer
among nonsmokers |
|
Authors |
Kalandidi, A.; Katsouyanni, K.; Voropoulou, N.; et al. |
|
Published by |
Cancer Causes Control, 1990;1:15-21 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.92 (1.02-3.59) from
USEPA 1992, Table 5-5 |
|
Financed by |
In case of difficulty in reading, click
on the image to see it larger in a new window |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
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| |
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35 |
Study Title |
Effect of passive smoking in lung cancer
development in women in the Nara region |
|
Authors |
Katada, H.; Mikami, R.; Konishi, M.; Koyama, Y.; Narita, N. |
|
Published by |
Gan No Rinsho, 1988;34(1):21-27 |
|
Average Risk |
RR=
click here and see comments. |
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Financed by |
vedi Comments |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Study
written in Japanese. The
USEPA 1992 Reports mentions the study but
does not report the RR value.. |
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