|
Click here to return to FORCES International
main page |
|
... And they call this science!
LIST OF STUDIES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN
AGED NON-SMOKERS WHO HAVE BEEN ASKED TO GUESS THEIR EXPOSURE TO PASSIVE
SMOKE THROUGHOUT THEIR ENTIRE LIVES
|
|
Note: this page is
optimized for Internet Explorer, 1024 x 768 resolution. In case of display
problems change the browser settings as follows:
Display >> Character >> Small |
|
|
|
|
Return to
the studies on passive smoke and lung cancer |
|
Updated August 16, 2006
|
|
|
 The
latest, ignored study of Enstrom & Kabat!
Why ignored? because - once again - it shows that passive
smoke does not cause disease.
Results:
"An objective assessment of the available epidemiologic evidence
indicates that the association of ETS with CHD death in U.S. never
smokers is very weak. Previous assessments appear to have overestimated
the strength of the association."
Updated Meta-Analysis on ETS and Coronary Heart
Disease Mortality in the US
As this study is a
meta-analysis (compendium of previously conducted studies, or study on
the studies), it is not listed together with the primary studies, or
base studies).
Click
here to download the PDF |
|
| How to read
the list below
|
X
Number of the study |
Study Title |
The title of the study
|
| Authors |
The authors and the year of the
study |
| Published
by |
The name of the scientific journal |
| Average
Risk |
Here
is recorded the average risk of the study expressed in RR
[Relative Risk] and its extremes of variation
[example: RR= 1.52 (1.0-2.5)], followed by hot link to the
authority that has established the average risk [example:
from USEPA 1992, Table 5-5].
Memory rule: RR=2 means 100% risk elevation, RR=3 means 200%
and so on. Thus, RR=1.52 means 52% risk elevation.
The minimum
risk elevation which, according to epidemiology, is necessary to
seriously consider that the risk elevation is due the examined
factor is over 200% or RR=3. |
| Financed
by |
Here is the detail of what appears
in the study concerning the source of financing. Example: : |
| Downloadable |
Click here to download. When
this link is hot it is possible to download the entire
original study in PDF format. |
| Comments |
In this area comments and notes
concerning the study are reported when necessary. |
|
| |
|
STUDIES ON PASSIVE SMOKE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (complete list updated
May, 2006: 42 primary studies) |
| |
|
DO YOU HAVE BROADBAND?
DOWNLOAD ALL THE STUDIES ON PASSIVE SMOKE AND
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE [PDF FORMAT] IN ONE ZIP FILE [53.9 Mb] AND SAVE DOWNLOADING TIME.
>>CLICK
HERE TO DOWNLOAD<< |
DOWNLOAD
THIS PAGE IN PDF FORMAT
To facilitate reading and indexing the
studies, we offer the option of downloading this page in the printer-friendly PDF format. All hot links are preserved in the PDF format. |
|
| |
|
1 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking as well as active
smoking increases the risk of acute stroke |
|
Authors |
Bonita R, Duncan
J, Truelsen T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R (1999) |
|
Published by |
Tob Control
8(2):156-60 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.82
(1.34-2.49) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 2004 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
2 |
Study Title |
The relationship of passive smoking
to various health outcomes among Seventh Day Adventists in
California |
|
Authors |
Butler TL (1988) |
|
Published by |
University of
California at Los Angeles (dissertation) |
|
Average Risk |
Females RR= 1.53
(0.9-2.5) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Males RR= 0.61 (1.0-3.5) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
California University |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Dissertation |
|
| |
|
3 |
Study Title |
The
relationship of passive smoking to various health outcomes among
Seventh-Day Adventists in California. ABSTRACT. |
|
Authors |
Butler TL, (1990) |
|
Published by |
Presented at the
seventh world conference on tobacco and health. |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.40
(0.51-3.84) from text. |
|
Financed by |
California University |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
4 |
Study Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and
prevalent coronary heart disease among never smokers in the
Scottish MONICA surveys |
|
Authors |
Chen R, Tavendale
R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. (2004) |
|
Published by |
Occup Environ
Med. 61(9):790-2 |
|
Average Risk |
Table 8.1 of
CALEPA 1997 reports : “ Self-reported exposure associated with
significant trends in increasing angina, diagnosed and
undiagnosed CHD. Serum cotinine not well correlated.” |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
5 |
Study Title |
Case-control study of passive
smoking at home and risk of acute myocardial infarction.
Argentine FRICAS Investigators. Factores de Riesgo Coronario en
America del Sur |
|
Authors |
Ciruzzi M,
Pramparo P, Esteban O, Rozlosnik J, Tartaglione J, Abecasis B,
Cesar J, De Rosa J, Paterno C, Schargrodsky H (1998) |
|
Published by |
J Am Coll
Cardiol 31(4):797-803 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.68
(1.20-2.37) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 2004 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
6 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and the risk of
heart attack or coronary death |
|
Authors |
Dobson AJ,
Alexander HM, Heller RF, Lloyd DM (1991) |
|
Published by |
Med J Aust
154:793-797 |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR= 0.97 (0.50-1.86) from text table
8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Males at work RR= 0.95 (0.51-1.78) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 2.46 (1.47-4.13) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 1997.
Females at work RR= 0.66 (0.17-2.62) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
7 |
Study Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and
tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of
Californians, 1960-98 |
|
Authors |
Enstrom JE, Kabat
GC (2003) |
|
Published by |
Br Med J
326(7398):1057-66 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 0.94
(0.85-1.05) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 2004 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to
download |
|
Comments |
The whole study, costing several
million dollars, was financed by state funding and funds from
the American Cancer Society, except for the last $75,000
needed for the compilation of the data. The money was denied
when it became clear that the study would not have produced the
"right" results and demonstrated that passive smoke was a danger.
For that reasons, the two Authors were forced to turn to the
Center
for Indoor Air Research, financed by the tobacco industry, to
complete the study. Using that as an excuse, all scientific
journals refused to publish this important study except the British Medical
Journal, which was crucified by the antismoking establishment,
which has an obvious and huge interest in falsely representing
passive smoke as a public danger. This study demonstrates
conclusively that exposure to passive smoke cannot be measured. |
|
| |
|
8 |
Study Title |
Effects of
passive smoking on ischemic heart disease mortality of
nonsmokers: A prospective study. |
|
Authors |
Garland C,
Barrett-Connor E, Suarez L, Criqui MH, Wingard DL (1985) |
|
Published by |
Am J Epidemiol
121(5):645-650 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.3 from text
table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
9 |
Study Title |
Women's passive smoking and coronary
heart disease |
|
Authors |
He Y , Li LS, Wan
ZH, Li LS, Zheng XL, Jia GL (1989) |
|
Published by |
Chinese J
Preventive Med
23 (1): 19-22, 1989 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 3.0 (1.3-7.2)
from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Study written in
Japanese |
|
| |
|
10 |
Study Title |
Passive
smoking at work as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in
Chinese women who have never smoked. |
|
Authors |
He
Y, Lam TH, Li LS, Li LS, Du RY, Jia GL, Huang JY, Zheng JS
(1994) |
|
Published by |
British Med J
308: 380-384. |
|
Average Risk |
Home RR= 2.07
(0.8-5.6) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Work RR= 2.42 (0.8-7.8) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
11 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking from husband as a
risk factor for coronary heart disease in wome in Xi’an, China,
who have never smoked. |
|
Authors |
He Y, Lam TH, Li LS, Du RY, Jia GL,
Huang JY, Shi QL, Zheng JS. (2000) |
|
Published by |
In: Tobacco the growing epidemic.
Proceedings of the tenth world conference on tobacco and health.
24-28 August 1997, Beijing, China. Spinger- Verlag, Berlin 2000. |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.6 (0.94-2.9) from text. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
12 |
Study Title |
Heart disease mortality in
nonsmokers living with smokers |
|
Authors |
Helsing KJ,
Sandler DP, Comstock GW, Chee E (1988) |
|
Published by |
Am J Epidemiol
127(5):915-922 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.27
(1.1-1.5) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
13 |
Study Title |
Lung Cancer in Japan: Effects of
Nutrition and Passive Smoking |
|
Authors |
Hirayama T (1984) |
|
Published by |
In: Lung
Cancer: Causes and Prevention. Verlag Chemie International
Inc. pp 175-195 |
|
Average Risk |
1-19
cigarettes/day RR= 1.0 (0.9-1.3) from text table 8.1, CALEPA
1997.
20 + cigarettes/day RR= 1.3 (1.1-1.16) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
Information not available and not
reported by the study |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
14 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and
cardiorespiratory health in a general population in the west of
Scotland |
|
Authors |
Hole DJ, Gillis
CR, Chopra C, Hawthorne VM (1989) |
|
Published by |
Br Med J
299:423-427 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.01
(1.2-3.4) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
15 |
Study Title |
Passive
smoking and 20-year cardiovascular disease mortality among
nonsmoking wives, Evans County, Georgia |
|
Authors |
Humble C, Croft
J, Gerber A, Casper M, Hames CG, Tyroler HA (1990) |
|
Published by |
AJPH
80(5):599-601 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.59
(1.0-2.6) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
16 |
Study Title |
The Auckland
Heart Study [Dissertation] |
|
Authors |
Jackson RT (1989 |
|
Published by |
Unpublished dissertation - University of Auckland 1989, 157-172. Auckland, New
Zealand |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR= 1.0
(0.3-4.3) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 2.7 (0.6-13.6) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
17 |
Study Title |
Passive smoking and the risk of
coronary heart disease among married non-smoking women |
|
Authors |
Janghorbani M, Sadeghi-Golmakani N. (1997) |
|
Published by |
Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 11:203- |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.34 (0.94-1.91) non smoking wives. From text. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
18 |
Study Title |
A prospective study of passive
smoking and coronary heart disease |
|
Authors |
Kawachi I,
Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC,
Hennekens CH (1997) |
|
Published by |
Circulation
95(10):2374-2379 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.81 (1.11-
3.28) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
19 |
Study Title |
Passive
smoking and the risk of acute myocardial infarction |
|
Authors |
La Vecchia C,
D’Avanzo B, Franzosi MG, Tognoni G. (1993) |
|
Published by |
Lancet
341:505-506 |
|
Average Risk |
RR=
1.21(0.57-2.52) From text. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
20 |
Study Title |
Ischemic heart
disease and spousal smoking in the National Mortality Followback
Survey |
|
Authors |
Layard MW (1995) |
|
Published by |
Regulatory Tox
and Pharmac
21: 180-183 |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR= 0.9
(0.9-2.6) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 1.1 (0.7-1.5) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Financed by the
tobacco industry |
|
| |
|
21 |
Study Title |
Relationship of passive smoking to
risk of lung cancer and other smoking-associated diseases |
|
Authors |
Lee PN,
Chamberlain J, Alderson MR (1986) |
|
Published by |
Br J Cancer
54:97-105 |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR=
1.24 (0.6-2.8) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 0.93 (0.6-1.7) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Financed by the
tobacco industry |
|
| |
|
22 |
Study Title |
Publication bias in the
environmental tobacco smoke/coronary heart disease epidemiologic
literature |
|
Authors |
LeVois ME and
Layard MW (1995) |
|
Published by |
Regul Toxicol
and Pharmacol
21: 184- 191 |
|
Average Risk |
CPS-I, Males
RR= 0.97 (0.90-1.05) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
CPS-I, Females RR= 1.08 (0.98-1.08) from text table 8.1, CALEPA
1997.
CPS-II Males RR= 0.97 (0.89-1.09) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 1997.
CPS-II Females RR= 1.00 (0.88-1.14) from text table 8.1, CALEPA
1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
Financed by the
tobacco industry |
|
| |
|
23 |
Study Title |
Health effects of environmental
tobacco smoke exposure in US adults: data from the 1991 National
Health Interview Survey |
|
Authors |
Mannino DM,
Siegel M, Rose D, Etzel R. (1995) |
|
Published by |
ABSTRACT.
Presented at the International Society for Exposure Analysis,
Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 12% higher
prevalence of CVD. From text. |
|
Financed by |
The Authors are
functionaries of the US government, Centers for Disease
Control |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
24 |
Study Title |
Increased incidence of heart attacks
in nonsmoking women married to smokers |
|
Authors |
Martin MJ, Hunt
SC, Williams RR. (1986) |
|
Published by |
ABSTRACT.
Presented at the Annual Meeting, The American Public Health
Association |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 3.4 (p<0.01)
from text. |
|
Financed by |
The Authors are (or were) professors at the
California University and University of Utah. No further
documentation is available. |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
25 |
Study Title |
Coronary
events and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a
case-control study from Australia and New Zealand |
|
Authors |
McElduff P,
Dobson AJ, Jackson R, Beaglehole R, Heller RF, Lay-Yee R.
(1998) |
|
Published by |
Tobacco Control
7:41–46 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.99
(1.40-2.81)females. From text.
RR= 1.02 (0.81-1.28) males. From text. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
26 |
Study Title |
Mortality
associated with passive smoking in Hong Kong |
|
Authors |
McGhee SM, Ho SY,
Schooling M, Ho LM, Thomas GN, Hedley AJ, Mak KJ, Peto R, Lam
TH. (2005) |
|
Published by |
BMJ 330: 287-288 |
|
Average Risk |
RR=
1.36 (1.02 to 1.81) |
|
Financed by |
Hong Kong Health Services Research Committee ([631012)
and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
27 |
Study Title |
Exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke and the risk of heart attack |
|
Authors |
Muscat JE and
Wynder EL (1995) |
|
Published by |
Int J
Epidemiol
24: 715-719 |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR=
1.1 (0.4-2.8) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 1.7 (0.5-5.9) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
28 |
Study Title |
Risk
stratification of coronary heart disease through established and
emerging lifestyle factors in a Mediterranean population: CARDIO
2000 epidemiological study |
|
Authors |
Panagiotakos DB,
Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Christodoulos S, Toutouzas P. (2001) |
|
Published by |
Cardiovasc Risk
8:329-335 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 2.12
(1.75-2.44) from text. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
29 |
Study Title |
Risk
stratification of coronary heart disease in Greece: Final
results from the CARDIO 2000 epidemiological study |
|
Authors |
Panagiotakos DB,
Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Christodoulos S, Toutouzas P. (2002) |
|
Published by |
Preventive
Medicine 35:548-556 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.54 (p<0.01)
from text |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
30 |
Study Title |
Association
between passive cigarette smoking and the risk of developing
acute coronary syndromes: The CARDIO2000 study |
|
Authors |
Pitsavos C,
Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Tzioumis K, Papaioannou I,
Christodoulos S, Toutouzas P. (2002) |
|
Published by |
Heart Vessel
16:127-130 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.51
(1.21-2.99) from text |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
31 |
Study Title |
Passive
smoking and myocardial infarction in women. ABSTRACT. CVD
Epidemiologic Newsletter |
|
Authors |
Palmer JR,
Rosenberg L, Shapiro S. (1988) |
|
Published by |
Council on
Epidemiology, American Heart Association. No. 43, 1988 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.2 from text |
|
Financed by |
Newsletter. No financing. |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
32 |
Study
Title |
Environmental tobacco smoke and
myocardial infarction among never- smokers in the Stockholm
Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP) |
|
Authors |
Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Gustavsson
A, Reuterwall C, Hallqvist J, Nyberg F, Pershagen G.
(2001) |
|
Published by |
Epidemiology
12(5):558-64 |
|
Average Risk |
< 20 cigarettes
RR= 1.02 (0.73-1.42) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 2004.
> 20 cigarettes RR= 1.58 (0.97-2.56) from text table 8.1,
CALEPA 2004. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
33 |
Study
Title |
Environmental
tobacco smoke and non-fatal myocardial infarction among
never-smokers |
|
Authors |
Rosenlund M,
Berglind N, Gustavsson A, Reutorwall C, Hallquist J, Nyberf F,
Pershagen G. (2000) |
|
Published by |
ABSTRACT. Twelfth
Conference of the Society of Environmental Epidemiology.
Buffalo, NY |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.06
(1.0-2.6) from text |
|
Financed by |
Abstract presented to conference. No financing. |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
34 |
Study
Title |
Deaths from
all causes in non-smokers who lived with smokers |
|
Authors |
Sandler DP,
Comstock GW, Helsing KJ, Shore DL. (1989) |
|
Published by |
Am J Public
Health 79:163-167 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.31
(1.05-1.64) from text Table 5 |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
35 |
Study Title |
Reduced incidence of admissions for
myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before
and after study |
|
Authors |
Sargent, R. P.;
Shepard, R. M., and Glantz, S. A. (2004) |
|
Published by |
BMJ.328(7446):977-80 |
|
Average Risk |
Before smoking
ban: acute myocardial infarctions 40/6 months.
After smoking ban: acute myocardial infarctions 24/6 months.
From text table 8.1, CALEPA 2004. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
This study has been
heavily criticized by many parties on both sides of the smoking
issue. Classic example of junk science, it refers to the city of
Helena, Montana, where a smoking ban was applied. The authors
state that the number of heart attacks reported to the local
hospital halved after only six months from the prohibition.
Strong conflict of interest of one of the authors (Glantz) with
the
Johnson & Johnson pharmaceutical multinational that finances
antitobacco and his studies through its philantropic arm Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. |
|
| |
|
36 |
Study Title |
Do simple prudent health behaviors protect men from myocardial
infarction? |
|
Authors |
Spencer CA, Jamrozik K, Lambert L. (1999) |
|
Published by |
Int J Epidemiol 28:846-852 |
|
Average Risk |
RR= 1.47. retrieved from text |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
|
37 |
Study Title |
Environmental
tobacco somke and coronary heart disease in the American Cancer
Society CPS-II Cohort |
|
Authors |
Steenland K, Thun
M, Lally C, Heath C Jr (1996) |
|
Published by |
Circulation
94 (4): 622-628 |
|
Average Risk |
Males RR=
1.22 (1.07-1.40) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997.
Females RR= 1.10 (0.96-1.27) from text table 8.1, CALEPA 1997. |
|
Financed by |
 |
|
Downloadable |
Click here to download |
|
Comments |
|
|
| |
| |
